Determination of Aggregate Impact Value

The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load. Test procedure as per BS described below:- 

Sample Collection: The Standard aggregate should pass through 14.0 mm sieve and retain on a 10.0 mm sieve.

Apparatus: 

1) An AIV testing machine is showing below and consists of:



                Figure: AIV Testing Machine


* Weight should be 45-60 kg.

*  Machine shall have a circular  metal base weighing between 22-39 kg, with a plane lower surface of not less than 300 mm diameter and supported on a level and plane concrete or stone block or floor at least 450 mm thick.

* A cylindrical steel cup with an internal diameter of 102 mm and internal depth of 50 mm.

* A metal hammer weighing 13.5 kg to 14.0 kg of cylindrical shape.  

2) Test sieve of sizes 14.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 2.36 mm.

3) A cylindrical metal measures of sufficient rigidity to retain its form under rough usage and with an internal diameter of 75(+/-)1 mm and an internal depth of 50(+/-)1 mm.

4) A tamping rod of 10 mm diameter, 230 mm long, rounded at one end.

5) A balance of capacity not less than 500 gm and accurate to 0.1 gm.       

Test Procedure:

1) Rest the impact machine, upon the level plate, block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.

2) Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of the machine and place the whole of the sample in it and compact by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.

3) Adjust the height of the hammer so that its lower face is 380(+/-)5 mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and then allow it to fall freely on the aggregates. Subject the test sample to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than 1 second. No adjustment for hammer height is required after the first blow.

4) Then remove the crushed aggregates by holding the cup over a clean tray and hammering on the outside with a suitable rubber mallet until the sample particles are sufficiently disturbed to enable the mass of the sample to fall freely on the tray. Transfer fine particles adhering to the inside of the cup and the underside of the hammer to the tray by means of a stiff bristle brush. Sieve the whole of the sample in the tray, for the standard test, on the 2.36 mm (#8) test sieve until no further significant amount passes in 1 min.

5) Repeat the whole procedure starting from the beginning using a second sample of the same mass as the first sample.

Calculation:

1) The ratio of the mass of fines formed to the total sample mass in each test shall be expressed as a percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place.

        Percentage of the fraction passing the 2.36 mm (#8) sieve = ( B*100)/A

where, 
            A = weight of surface-dry sample.

            B = weight of fraction passing the 2.36 mm (#8) sieve

* the average of two determination is taken as the Aggregate Impact Value ( AIV)
  
Now Classification of aggregate using Aggregate Impact Value are as follows:     

 
Aggregate Impact Value
 
   Classification 
    <20%
   Exceptionally strong 
     10-20%   Strong
     20-30%   Satisfactory for road surfacing  
     >35%   Weak for road surfacing 

Importance Of Fineness Test of Cement:

The property of cement that indicates particle size of cement and specific surface area is called fineness of cement. Rate of hydration greatly depend on fineness of cement and a for a rapid development of strength, high fineness is required.Here we can list the importance of cement fineness test:

1)  It affect hydration rate of cement and it turns into strength. Increasing fineness increase the rate of hydration, high strength and high heat generation.

2)  Bleeding can be reduced by increasing fineness.However increasing fineness demands more water for workability resulting a higher possibility of dry shrinkage. 

3)  The smaller the particle size the greater the surface area to volume ratio, thus the more area available for water -cement interaction per unit volume.

Importance of soundness test of cement

4)   It also used to check the proper grinding of cement and measure the surface area of the cement particles per unit mass.

Cement fineness test
Cement fineness test

Cement Test

The following tests are conduct in lab for Cement:-

1) Fineness test: The property of cement that indicates particle size of cement and specific surface area is called fineness of cement. Rate of hydration greatly depend on fineness of cement and a for a rapid development of strength, high fineness is required.
Cement test 

Cement test

2) Soundness Test: It is essential for cement paste that once it has sets, does not undergo a large change in volume. The ability of cement to retains its volume after it get harder is known as soundness of cement. This test conduct to identify the excess amount of lime in cement.


Cement test
Cement test 


3) Consistency Test: The consistency at which cement paste will permit penetration on vicat plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to a depth of 33-35 mm from top of the mould is defined as the standard consistency of cement. Generally, standard consistency for OPC is 26-33%.
Cement test 


Cement test



4) Setting Time Test: In broad sense setting refers to change of cement paste from a fluid state to a rigid state. Generally, Initial setting time and final setting time is required to test at lab.

Initial setting time is the state of cement mortar or concrete when it starts to become stiffen.
Final setting time is the state when cement mortar or concrete becomes fully unworkable.  
 For OPC initial setting time is 30 minutes and final setting time is 600 minutes.

5) Chemical composition Test:

6) Strength Test ( Compressive and..   Tensile): Cement has two types of strength: compressive strength and tensile strength . 
Two know the compressive strength  cement mortar cube test performed at lab.
And for tensile strength Briqutte test and split tensile test performed.

Field Test of Cement

Field Test of Cement 

Field Test of Cement: Cement is the most important ingradient for construction work. It plays vital role because it is the binding material. So ensuring good cement in construction work is important to know the field test of cement .
Cement test 
Here we will discuss about the the field test of cement:

1) Manufacturing Date: As strength of cement reduced with time, so checking of manufacturing date is very important. 

   
Field test of cement
Cement Test 


2) Colour of Cement: Colour of cement should be uniform and it would be light greenish gray.

You may Like: Field test of brick 

3) Presence of Hard Lump: Presence of lump in cement bag indicates the moisture absorption. So it should be free from lump.


Field test of cement
Cement Test 



4) Temperature: Temperature of cement in bag is very important. Normally if someone enter his hand in a cement bag it will feel cool. But if it feel worm, ( but new cement from the manufacturing will be warm) then it indicate that hydration reaction start there, which is not desired.  
Cement test 

You may Like: Field test of Sand 

5) Smoothness: When cement rubbed with two fingers it will feel smooth. Rough in feelings indicate adulteration.


Field test of cement
Cement Test 



6) Water Sinking:  If a small quantity of cement thrown on water in-case of good quality cement it will sink.

7) Flexure Test: Make a 25 mm * 25 mm * 200 mm block if cement with water. Then immersed in water for 03 days. After removing, it is supported 150 mm apart and a weight of 15 kg uniformly placed over it. If it shows no sign of failure, the cement is good.       
Cement Test 

Performing these field test you can confirm good quality cement at your construction field.




Water Absorption test of Bricks

Absorption Test of Bricks as per ASTM C67:

Apparatus: 

1) Balance:  It should have a capacity of not less than 2000 gm and shall be sensitive to 0.5 gm.

2) Oven:  Drying oven have a capacity of maintaining a temperature between 110 and 115 degree Celsius.

Test Specimens:

The test specimens shall consists of half bricks. 05 specimens will be tested.

Test Procedure:

* Drying: Dry the test specimens in oven at 110-115 degree Celsius for not less than 24 hours.
*Cooling : After drying cool it at a temperature 24( +/-) 8 degree Celsius with a relative humidity between 30%-70%.
* After drying and cooling weight the specimens by the balance.
* After that submerged the dry cooled specimens in clean water at 15.5-30 degree Celsius for specified time(here 24 hours).            After that remove the specimen and wipe off the surface with a damp cloth and weight the specimen. Complete weighting of each specimen within 05 minutes after removing the specimen from water.

Calculation:

Calculate the absorption of each specimen as follows:

                    Absorption, % = { (Ws-Wd) / Wd } *100

        here, Ws = saturated weight of the specimen after submerged in water

                Wd = Dry weight of specimen


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Test on Bricks

Bricks are widely used in different kind of construction site all over the world. So we need to know about its tests to ensure good quality bricks in construction. Following tests are performed to ensure its quality:

1.Compressive Strength of Bricks: 
According to BDS-208, take 12 bricks randomly from sample and half them and take one-half for test. The specimens shall be immersed in water at 15- 20 degree Celsius for 24 hours . After that dry them at room temperature for 5 minutes.Fill their frogs by mortar of 1:1.5  cement-sand ratio.The bricks should now stored under damp sack for 24 hours and after that it should immersed in water for 6 days before performing test.After 7 days of filling mortar, specimens will be taken out, wiped dry with damp cloth and placed with flat surface horizontally, and the mortar filled face facing upward between two number 3 plywood sheets each approximately of 3 mm thickness and carefully centered between the plates of the compression testing machine.The compression plate of the testing machine shall have a ball seating in the form of a portion of sphere, the center of each coinciding with the center of the face of the plate. The load shall be applied axially at a uniform rate of 140kg/sqcm per minute until the failure. The failure shall be deemed to have occurred when no further increase in the load is registered with unchanged rate of moving head travel. 

        Compressive strength (kg/sqcm or mpa or lb/sqin)= W/A
            Where,
                        W= Maximum load indicated by machine
                        A= Area.
       
2. Water Absorption test of Bricks: To ensure good quality brick determining water absorption is very important. This test conducted to determine durability properties of bricks i.e. degree of burning, quality and behavior of bricks under weathering actions. Click here to know about this test procedure.

3. Efflorescence : Efflorescence is a whitish crystalline deposit on surface of the bricks. Usually it is the deposit of salt on brick. If soluble salt present in clay during brick molding then it causes efflorescence. 
  
4. Measurement of Size: 

5. Determining the Weight of Brick:

6.Measurement of Warpage.

CBR Test (āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ†āĻ° āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ)

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- āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ āĻ­ā§‡āĻœāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ ( āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡)      

 -āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ. āĻ¸ā§€āĻ­ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻ• āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ ā§§ā§¯ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ. āĻ¸ā§€āĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ,āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž ā§§ā§¯ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ ā§Ē āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡  āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

- ā§§ā§§ āĻ•ā§‡āĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ MDD/ OMC āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ ā§Š āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻƒ
ā§§) āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ ā§Š āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ MDD'āĻ° ā§¯ā§Ģ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

* OMC āĻ“ MDD  āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ 

* āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž ā§Š āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ ā§§ā§Ļ, ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ“ ā§Ŧā§Ģ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§¨) āĻŽā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻŸāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§Š) āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ ā§Š āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡ Optimum moisture content obtain āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§Ē)  āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻž ā§§ā§¨ā§­ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤    āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§Ļā§Š āĻ˛ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§Ļā§Ģ āĻ˛ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

*āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ“ āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

ā§Ģ) āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ āĻ–ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻĢā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ ( soak CBR āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°):

 ā§§) āĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° annular load āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ­ā§‡āĻ˛ 
āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ 
ā§¨) ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻ° soak specimen āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ swell āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻœ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻƒ

swell(%)= [(change in dial reading)Ãˇ( depth of compacted specimen)] ×100


āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻƒ

ā§§) āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻĒā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤

ā§¨) ā§Ē.ā§Ģā§Ē āĻ•ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻŸāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻŸāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

ā§Š) āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‡āĻŸ āĻšā§Ÿ ā§§.ā§¨ā§­ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° ā§Ļ.ā§Ŧā§Ē āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§§.ā§¨ā§­ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§§.ā§¯ā§§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§¨.ā§Ģā§Ē āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Š.ā§§ā§Ž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Š.ā§Žā§§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Ē.ā§Ēā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Ģ.ā§Ļā§Ž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Ģ.ā§­ā§¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Ŧ.ā§Šā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§Ŧ.ā§¯ā§¯ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§­.ā§Ŧā§¨āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ., ā§§ā§Ļ.ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ. āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¨.ā§­ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤ 

ā§Ē) āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤    

āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻƒ

ā§§) āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°  āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿ (V):
  
V= (Ī€Ãˇ4)× [(D×D×H)Ãˇ(1000*1000*1000)]

āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, V=āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤āĻ¨
D= āĻ—ā§œ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
H= āĻ—ā§œ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž 

ā§¨) āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŸ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ ( āĻ—āĻžāĻŽāĻž) āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§ŸāĻƒ
 
āĻ—āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŸ=  āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻ­āĻ°/ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤āĻ¨

ā§Š) āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§ŸāĻƒāĻƒ

m=[(A-B)/(B-C)]×100

āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡,
m= āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ 
A= āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ­ā§‡āĻœāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻ° 
B= āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻ°
C= āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻ°

ā§Ē) āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§ŸāĻƒ

āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸ,  āĻ—āĻžāĻŽāĻž  =  (āĻ—āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŸ)/[( ā§§+ m/ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ)]
 āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, m= āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ 


āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ†āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§ŸāĻƒ

 
 āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ P = R*K
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ R= āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚
K= āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻŸāĻ°

āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸= āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄ/ CBP āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĢāĻ˛

āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻŦā§Ÿ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĢā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ†āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ 
   
  āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ ā§¨.ā§Ģā§Ē āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ ā§Ģ.ā§Ļā§Ž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§œ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ ā§Ģ.ā§Ļā§Ž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ“ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤      

     
             
             

āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ



āĻ•āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨āĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻœāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšā§‹āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ“ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ“ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§œāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ 

āĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻƒ

ā§§) āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻāĻšā§œ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻ— āĻĒā§œāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻ— āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

ā§¨) āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§œ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻˇā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻŽā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ 
    

ā§Š) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡  T-āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡āĻĒ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•ā§‡ 1.2-1.5 āĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤    

āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹/ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤

Loss Angeles Abration Test (āĻāĻ˛ āĻ āĻŸā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ)

Los Angeles Abration Test : āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤  aggregate āĻāĻ° toughness āĻ“ abrasion characteristics āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŸā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻƒ-    

ā§§) Los Angeles abration machine
ā§¨) āĻ•āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ°āĻ¨/ āĻˇā§āĻŸā§€āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ˛ - ā§Ēā§Ž āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ“ ā§Šā§¯ā§Ļ-ā§Ēā§Ēā§Ģ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ­āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§¨ āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĨ¤
ā§Š) sieve- ā§§.ā§­ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ., ā§¨.ā§Šā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋ, ā§Ē.ā§­ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§Ŧ.ā§Š āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§§ā§¨.ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§¨ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§Ēā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ,  ā§Ģā§ĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ, ā§Ŧā§ŠāĻŽāĻŋāĻŽ, ā§Žā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ
ā§Ē) āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸
ā§Ģ) āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨
ā§Ŧ) āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤



āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻƒ
ā§§) āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻĄ (ā§§ā§Ļā§Ģ-ā§§ā§§ā§Ļ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž)  āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ A, B, C āĻ“ D āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§Ģ āĻ•ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ E, F āĻ“ G āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻ•ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§€-

  
ā§¨) āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡-

 āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄ āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž  āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻ°
 A

 ā§§ā§¨ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 B ā§§ā§§ ā§Ēā§Ģā§Žā§Ē(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 C ā§Ļā§Ž ā§Šā§Šā§Šā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 D ā§Ļā§Ŧ ā§¨ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 E ā§§ā§¨ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 F ā§§ā§¨ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ
 G ā§§ā§¨ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ(+/-)ā§¨ā§Ģ

ā§Š)  āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ‡āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ ā§Šā§Ļ-ā§Šā§Š āĻ˜ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ A, B, C āĻ“ D āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ E, F āĻ“ G āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

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āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻƒ 

āĻ§āĻ°āĻŋ,
    A= āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨
    B= ā§§.ā§­ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋ.āĻŽāĻŋ. āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨

    āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻ (LA VALUE) āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§  = ( (A-B)/A)*100


  


  
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